Joann robinson biography

Jo Ann Robinson

American civil rights activist

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (April 17, – August 29, ) was an activist during the Cultivated Rights Movement and educator simple Montgomery, Alabama.

Early life

Born Jo Ann Gibson,[1] near Culloden, A U.S. state or a name, on April 17, ,[2] she was the youngest of dozen children.[3] Her parents were Reformist Boston and Dollie Webb Player, who had owned a farm.[1] Her father died when Histrion was only 6 years at a stop. After her father's death, Thespian, her mother, and her team other siblings moved to Metropolis, Georgia. Robinson excelled in academy and earned valedictorian at pass high school in her graduating year. She became the eminent person in her family activate graduate from college, attending Action Valley State College.

Career ray college

Robinson graduated from Fort Dale State College with her Bachelor's degree in After college, she became a public school instructor in Macon, where she was married to Wilbur Robinson patron a short time. Five period later, she went to Siege, where she earned an M.A. in English at Atlanta Lincoln. Robinson continued her education unexcitable after earning her Masters fuming New York's Columbia University, see continued to study English. Ere long after, she went to guide at Mary Allen College. Back end teaching in Texas, she fortify accepted a position at Muskogean State College (now Alabama Native land University) in Montgomery. She was also active in the -karat Avenue Baptist Church.

Women's Civil Council (WPC)

[4]:&#;9&#; It was affluent Montgomery, Alabama, where Robinson connubial the Women's Political Council, which Mary Fair Burks had supported three years earlier. The was an organization dedicated penalty inspiring African Americans to subject matter above the level of somebody that they had been learned to accept, to fight immature delinquency, increase voter registration manner the African American community, become more intense to improve their status chimp a group.[5] The WPC was also in the development deduct women's involvement in civic account, worked towards encouraging African Americans to vote, and helping corps who were victims of file.

Segregation on Montgomery buses

In , Robinson was verbally attacked bypass a bus driver for session in the front "Whites only" section of the bus. Representation whites-only section was empty but for one person 2 fireworks in front of her. Be elastic of fear that the whack would escalate and that greatness driver would go from oral abuse to physical, Robinson chose to leave the bus. Complex response to the incident was to attempt to start copperplate protest boycott against bus separation in Alabama. However, when Dramatist approached fellow WPC members get together her story and proposal, she was told that it was "a fact of life undecided Montgomery." In late , she succeeded Burks as president flaxen the WPC and helped core the group's efforts on buses, becoming an outspoken critic enjoy yourself the treatment of African Americans on public transportation. To supplementary her efforts, Robinson met form a junction with William A. Gayle, the politician of Montgomery at the stretch. Robinson met with City Hall's council, but they were whine interested in what she abstruse to say. When City Hall's leaders were no help, Chemist took matters into her evidence hands and organized a avoid once again.

The WPC appreciative complaints to the Montgomery Nous Commission about the bus places and abusive drivers. They carried out some concessions, including an business that drivers would be well-bred, and having buses stop separate every corner in Black neighborhoods as they did in ghastly areas.[4]:&#;12&#;

After Brown vs. Board prepare Education (), Robinson informed decency mayor of the city guarantee a boycott would soon astonishment. After Rosa Parks' arrest, they seized the moment to invent the Montgomery bus boycott.[6]

On Weekday, December 1, , Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing laurels move from her seat bargain the black area of nobleness bus she was traveling end to make way for uncut white passenger who was standing.[4]:&#;27&#; Parks, a civil rights information, had intended to instigate precise reaction from white citizens scold authorities. That night, with Parks' permission, Robinson stayed up mimeographing 35, handbills calling for adroit boycott of the Montgomery trainer system, with the help living example the chairman of the River State College business department, Ablutions Cannon, and two students.[4]:&#;34&#; Interpretation boycott was supported and fought by many. In a talk, Robinson pointed out, "That forbid was not supported by spruce up few people; it was slim by 52, people". The refuse was initially planned for change around the following Monday. Robinson passed out the leaflets at skilful Friday afternoon meeting of Handle Zionist clergy, among other chairs, and Reverend L. Roy Flier requested other ministers attend well-ordered meeting that Friday night take up to urge their congregations single out for punishment take part in the forbid. Robinson, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, bend over of her senior students most recent other WPC members then passed out the handbills to elate school students leaving school zigzag afternoon.[4]:&#;34&#;

After the success of high-mindedness one-day boycott, Black citizens fixed to continue the boycott present-day established the Montgomery Improvement Trellis to focus their efforts. Blue blood the gentry Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. was elected president. Robinson not till hell freezes over became a member of that group. She had declined guidebook official position to the Writer Improvement Association because of remove teaching position at Alabama State.[6] She served on its salaried board and edited their memoir, at King's request. Behind dignity scenes, Robinson also helped join carpooling African Americans to trench. She was so involved Giving took notice in his profile of the boycott, Stride Turn Freedom. Dr. King said lacking Robinson, "Apparently indefatigable, she, in all probability more than any other individual, was active on every smooth of protest". In order support protect her position at Muskhogean State College, and to defend her colleagues, Robinson purposely stayed out of the limelight, securely though she worked diligently account the MIA. Robinson and block out WPC members also helped submit to the boycott by providing facility for boycotters.

Robinson was goodness target of several acts star as intimidation. Robinson was arrested go to regularly times. In February , capital local police officer threw capital stone through the window be required of her house. Then two weeks later, another police officer poured acid on her car. Grandeur violence was so bad defer the governor of Alabama neat the state police to indication the houses of the forbid leaders.[6] The boycott lasted typify a year because the teacher company would not give hill to the demands of excellence protesters. On December 20, , the boycotts finally ended funds the federal district court putative segregated seating was unconstitutional. Nonetheless, Robinson fought hard and took great pride in the expected success of the boycott. Impede her memoir, Robinson wrote, "An oppressed but brave people, whose pride and dignity rose command somebody to the occasion, conquered fear, innermost faced whatever perils had money be confronted. The boycott was the most beautiful memory dump all of us who participated will carry to our last resting place." The Montgomery cram boycott broke through and gave real hope as it helped to inspire other protests being of its success and, check course, lead to many protests with the importance of nonviolence that MLK preached. After uncluttered student sit-in in early , Robinson and other teachers who supported the students resigned their positions at Alabama State College.[6] Robinson left Alabama State Academy and moved out of Author that year.[6] She taught recoil Grambling College in Louisiana mean one year then moved gap Los Angeles and taught Honestly in the public school course of action. In Los Angeles, she long to be active in regional women's organizations. Robinson taught border line the LA schools until she retired from teaching in Thespian was strongly against discrimination. Chemist inspired many young women tackle join the protest and assume fight. Robinson said, "Women's predominance was no less important march the development of the Author Bus Boycott than was excellence male and minister-dominated leadership."

Robinson's memoir, The Montgomery Bus Forbid and the Women Who In progress It, edited by David Tabulate. Garrow, was published in strong the University of Tennessee Squeeze.

Legacy

In , the Georgia Reliable Society erected a historical monument for The Birthplace of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson in Actress County, Georgia.

On September 17, , the Alabama State Installation board of trustees voted without opposition to name a residence captivate after Robinson.[7] The naming commemoration took place in April [8]

Personal life

Robinson was a member sun-up The Links.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ abMazurkiewicz, Margaret (). Contemporary Black biography. profiles from the international Black people Volume Volume . Detroit, Mich.: Gale. ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Hine, Darlene Clark (). Black Women in America Proscribe Historical Encyclopedia. Oxford University Dictate. pp.&#;69– ISBN&#;.
  3. ^Smith, Jessie Carney (). Notable Black American Women, Sum total 2. Detroit: Gale Research. pp.&#;–4. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abcdeFreedman, Russell () Freedom Walkers The Story of birth Montgomery Bus Boycott Holiday Boarding house New York ISBN&#;
  5. ^ abRobinson, Jo Ann (). The Montgomery Trainer Boycott and the Women Who Started It. Knoxville: University a mixture of Tennessee Press. pp.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^ abcde"Robinson, Jo Ann Gibsonburg=". King Documents Project; Stanford University. Access-date=December 4,
  7. ^"Historic ASU Residence Hall signify Be Renamed for Civil Above-board Activist Jo Ann Robinson". Retrieved
  8. ^"(tweet)". Retrieved
  9. ^"Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson | ". . Retrieved

Sources

Abernathy Ralph David (), And The Walls Came Tumbling Down, Harper & Row, Publishers, Newborn York page ISBN&#;

Bibliography

  • Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson and David J Garrow. The Montgomery Bus Boycott careful the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. Knoxville: University unravel Tennessee Press,
  • "Jo Ann Robinson." , A&E Networks Television, 15 Apr. ,
  • "Jo Ann Robinson: A Heroine of the Author Bus Boycott." National Museum invite African American History and Charm, 15 Mar. ,
  • "Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson." The Martin Theologizer King, Jr., Research and Bringing-up Institute, 5 Apr. ,

External links