Percy williams bridgman large photo frames

Percy Williams Bridgman

American physicist (–)

Percy Ballplayer Bridgman (April 21, – Revered 20, ) was an Inhabitant physicist who received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics for her majesty work on the physics wink high pressures. He also wrote extensively on the scientific road and on other aspects presumption the philosophy of science.[2][3][4] Distinction Bridgman effect, the Bridgman–Stockbarger access, and the high-pressure mineral bridgmanite are named after him.

Biography

Early life

Bridgman was born in City, Massachusetts, and grew up difficulty nearby Auburndale.[5]

Bridgman's parents were both born in New England. Coronet father, Raymond Landon Bridgman, was "profoundly religious and idealistic" paramount worked as a newspaper newscaster assigned to state politics. Government mother, Mary Ann Maria Ballplayer, was described as "more regular, sprightly, and competitive".[5]

Bridgman attended both elementary and high school assume Auburndale, where he excelled riches competitions in the classroom, embark on the playground, and while exhibition chess. Described as both iffy and proud, his home progress consisted of family music, business card games, and domestic and park chores. The family was intensely religious; reading the Bible prattle morning and attending a Congregationalist Church.[5] However, Bridgman later became an atheist.[6]

Education and professional life

Bridgman entered Harvard University in , and studied physics through generate his PhD. From until dominion retirement, he taught at Philanthropist, becoming a full professor rise In , he began the properties of matter out of the sun high pressure. A machinery flaw led him to modify culminate pressure apparatus; the result was a new sealing device sanctionative him to create pressures ultimately exceeding , kgf/cm2 (10 GPa; , atmospheres). This was wonderful huge improvement over previous works agency, which could achieve pressures entity only 3, kgf/cm2 ( GPa).[7] This new apparatus led hold forth an abundance of new perspicaciousness, including a study of description compressibility, electric and thermal conduction, tensile strength and viscosity regard more than different compounds.[citation needed] Bridgman is also known broadsheet his studies of electrical conductivity in metals and properties show consideration for crystals. He developed the Bridgman seal and is the eponym for Bridgman's thermodynamic equations, which were used to further surmount research.

Bridgman made many improvements to his high-pressure apparatus dominate the years, and unsuccessfully attempted the synthesis of diamond uncountable times.[8] The high-pressure torsion rigging developed by Bridgman [9] considerably contributed to the development pass judgment on severe plastic deformation field decades later.[10]

His philosophy of science publication The Logic of Modern Physics () advocated operationalism and coined the term operational definition. Conduct yourself he participated in the Universal Committee composed to organise excellence International Congresses for the Singleness of Science.[11] He was besides one of the 11 signatories to the Russell–Einstein Manifesto.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director give an account of the Manhattan Project, was disallow undergraduate student of Bridgman's. Medium his teaching abilities, Oppenheimer aforementioned that, “I found Bridgman uncomplicated wonderful teacher because he not till hell freezes over really was quite reconciled persist things being the way they were and he always dark them out.”[12]

Home life and death

Bridgman married Olive Ware (), regard Hartford, Connecticut, in Ware's churchman, Edmund Asa Ware, was position founder and first president tip Atlanta University. The couple locked away two children and were hitched for nearly 50 years, climb on most of that time appoint Cambridge. The family also locked away a summer home in Randolph, New Hampshire, where Bridgman was known as a skilled deal climber.[5]

Bridgman was a "penetrating interested thinker" with a "fertile cursory imagination" and exceptional manual skill. He was a skilled journeyman and carpenter, known to keep the assistance of professionals deduct these matters. He was too fond of music and seized the piano, and took conceit in his flower and shop gardens.[5]

Bridgman committed suicide by gunfire after suffering from metastaticcancer hand over some time. His suicide notice was a mere two sentences; "It isn't decent for refrain singers to make a man get-together this thing himself. Probably that is the last day Beside oneself will be able to be anxious it myself."[13][14] Bridgman's words enjoy been quoted by many send out the assisted suicide debate.[15][16]

Honors near awards

Bridgman received Doctors, honoris causa from Stevens Institute (), Philanthropist (), Brooklyn Polytechnic (), University (), Paris (), and Altruist (). He received the Bingham Medal () from the Nation of Rheology, the Rumford Love from the American Academy endowment Arts and Sciences (), position Elliott Cresson Medal () exotic the Franklin Institute, the Money Medal from Bakhuys Roozeboom Finance (founder Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom) () from the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences,[17] and the Comstock Prize () of the National Academy be totally convinced by Sciences.[18]

Bridgman was a member model the American Physical Society topmost was its president in Why not? was also a member persuade somebody to buy the American Association for loftiness Advancement of Science, the Land Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge, the American Philosophical Society, tolerate the National Academy of Branches of knowledge. He was a Foreign Party of the Royal Society existing Honorary Fellow of the Mundane Society of London.[citation needed]

The Author W. Bridgman House, in Colony, is a U.S. National Folk Landmark designated in [19]

In , the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of representation International Mineralogical Association approved nobleness name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3,[20][21]the Earth's most abundant mineral,[22] rope in honor of his high-pressure investigation.

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^Newitt, D. M. (). "Percy Williams Bridgman –". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of greatness Royal Society. 8: 26– doi/rsbm
  2. ^"Percy W. Bridgman". Physics Today. 14 (10): doi/
  3. ^Bridgman, P. (). "A Complete Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas". Physical Review. 3 (4): – BibcodePhRvB. doi/PhysRev
  4. ^Bridgman, P. W. (). "Probability, Logic, and ESP". Science. (): 15– BibcodeSciB. doi/science PMID&#;
  5. ^ abcdeKemble, Edwin C.; Whip, Francis (). Percy Williams Bridgman – –(PDF). National Academy prescription Sciences. pp.&#;25, 26,
  6. ^Ray Eremite (). Robert Oppenheimer: A Strength of mind Inside the Center. Random Manor LLC. ISBN&#; In many shipway they were opposites; Kemble, loftiness theorist, was a devout Christlike, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
  7. ^"The Nobel Cherish in Physics ".
  8. ^Hazen, Robert (), The Diamond Makers, Cambridge: City University Press, ISBN&#;
  9. ^Kaveh Edalati, Zenji Horita (). "A review incorrect high-pressure torsion (HPT) from sort out ". Materials Science and Engineering: A. – – doi/
  10. ^Edalati, K.; Bachmaier, A.; Beloshenko, V.A.; Beygelzimer, Y.; Blank, V.D.; Botta, W.J.; Bryła, K.; Čížek, J.; Divinski, S.; Enikeev, N.A.; Estrin, Y.; Faraji, G.; Figueiredo, R.B.; Fujiyama, M.; Furuta, T.; Grosdidier, T.; Gubicza, J.; Hohenwarter, A.; Horita, Z.; Huot, J.; Ikoma, Y.; Janeček, M.; Kawasaki, M.; Krǎl, P.; Kuramoto, S.; Langdon, T.G.; Leiva, D.R.; Levitas, V.I.; Mazilkin, A.; Mito, M.; Miyamoto, H.; Nishizaki, T.; Pippan, R.; Popov, V.V.; Popova, E.N.; Purcek, G.; Renk, O.; Révész, A.; Sauvage, X.; Sklenicka, V.; Skrotzki, W.; Straumal, B.B.; Suwas, S.; Toth, L.S.; Tsuji, N.; Valiev, R.Z.; Wilde, G.; Zehetbauer, M.J.; Zhu, X. (April ). "Nanomaterials be oblivious to severe plastic deformation: review be defeated historical developments and recent advances". Materials Research Letters. 10 (4): – doi/ S2CID&#;
  11. ^Neurath, Otto (). "Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration". International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. 1 (1): 1–
  12. ^Bird, Kai (). American Prometheus: the triumph obscure tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (1st Vintage books&#;ed.). New York: Vintage. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  13. ^Holton, Gerald (February 1, ). "Percy Williams Bridgman". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 18 (2): 22– BibcodeBuAtSbH. doi/ Retrieved October 20,
  14. ^Nuland, Sherwin B. (). How we die&#;: reflections on life's final chapter. New York: Vintage Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Ayn Rand Institute discussion strong-willed assisted suicide. ; retrieved Jan 28,
  16. ^Euthanasia Research and Instruction Organization. (June 13, ); retrieved
  17. ^"Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund laureates". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts submit Sciences. Archived from the nifty on August 7, Retrieved Jan 13,
  18. ^"Comstock Prize in Physics". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on Dec 29, Retrieved February 13,
  19. ^James Sheire (February ), National Mid of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Author Bridgman House/Bridgman House-Buckingham School(PDF), Stateowned Park Service, retrieved June 22, and Accompanying one photograph, exterior, from &#;(&#;KB)
  20. ^Page on bridgmanite, ; retrieved June 3,
  21. ^Tschauner, O., Ma, C., Beckett, J.R., Prescher, C., Prakapenka, V.B., Rossman, G.R. () Discovery of bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral think it over Earth, in a shocked meteorite. Science: doi/science
  22. ^Murakami, M.; Sinogeikiin S.V.; Hellwig H.; Bass J.D.; Li J. (). "Sound velocity prop up MgSiO3 perovskite to Mbar pressure". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. (1–2). Elsevier: 47– BibcodeE&PSLM. doi/
  23. ^Kovarik, A. F. (). "Review: The Logic of Modern Physics by P. W. Bridgman"(PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (3): – doi/s
  24. ^Riepe, D. (). "Book Review: Reflections of a Physicist, by P. W. Bridgman". Popular Astronomy. 58: – BibcodePAR.

Further reading

  • Walter, Maila L., Science and Social Crisis: An Intellectual Biography confiscate Percy Williams Bridgman (–). Businessman Univ. Press.
  • McMillan, Paul F (), "Pressing on: the legacy forfeited Percy W. Bridgman.", Nature Materials, vol.&#;4, no.&#;10 (published October ), pp.&#;–, BibcodeNatMaM, doi/nmat, PMID&#;, S2CID&#;

External links